Epidemiological analysis on vaccination age range for hand-foot and mouth disease / 上海预防医学

[Objective] To evaluate the range of vaccination age for hand-foot and mouth disease ( HFMD) . [ Methods] HFMD data in 2010-2012 were obtained from Yinzhou District as the model for analysis of HFMD's age distribution characteristics , especially of severe and death cases .Logistic regres-sion method was used to calculate the relative risk values of age groups from 0 to 11 months of age . [ Re-sults] In our investigation , 95.66%of cases were distributed between 0-5 years.Average incidence of HFMD for different age groups, 0 -4 years old was 44.57/1000, 5 years old 9.79/1000, 6 years old 6 .84/1000 , and average incidence no more than 3/1000 after 7 years of age .Average incidence for death and severe cases was 22 months of age .The risk of HEMD started to greatly increase with age from 0 to 11 months old, and became much more dangerous after 10 months of age. [Conclusion] The initial vacci-nation age for HEMD should be between 6 to 10 months of age , the appropriate crowd for HFMD vaccination between 6 to 71 months of age, and vaccination is not of much significance for children after 71 months (6 years) of age.

Comparative study on the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in patients with HIV infection acquired by blood transfusion and paid plasma donation / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of HAART in patients with AIDS acquire by blood transfusion and paid plasma donation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All AIDS patients whose disease was caused by blood transfusion and commercial plasma donation came from the domicile of Hebei Province. In the group of cases of blood transfusion in whom the infection was caused by one-time blood transfusion before and after 1995, there were 189 cases, of whom 105 cases on HAART were designated as observation group, and 84 cases who were not on HAART were designated as control group. The group of AIDS patients who were former commercial plasma donors (FCPDs) had 120 patients who were identified in the survey of 1995, of whom 63 cases on HAART were designated as observation group and 57 cases who were not on HAART were as control group. Onset dates were defined as the dates into the queue. Death due to AIDS was regarded as an outcome event. Subjects who were enrolled into the observation group and control group were epidemiologically followed up regularly. Observation was ended on December 31, 2010.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Mortality of patients after HAART from groups of FCPDs and blood recipients were 4.42/100 person-years and 6.13/100 person-years, respectively. The survival rates of HAART groups were 80% in FCPDs for 110 months and 72% in blood recipients for 90 months, respectively. Meanwhile the mortality of no HAART groups were 182.05/100 person-years and 250.66/100 person-years, respectively. Mean survival of patients whose disease was caused by plasma donation and blood transfusion were 4 months and 3 months, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Whether the HIV infection was caused by plasmapheresis or blood transfusion, the effects of HAART did not show difference. HAART cold reduce the death intensity and prolong survival.</p>

A retrospective cohort study on the natural history of AIDS caused by blood transfusion / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the natural history of AIDS,caused by blood transfusion.Methods All HIV infections and AIDS patients were from Hebei province,including those infected through blood transfusion around 1995,that were identified as through general census of former commercial plasma donors (FCPDs).Among those objects being observed during the incubation period,354 had HIV infections( including 142 cases infected via plasmapheresis and 212 cases caused by transfusion) but had not been treated by HAART before the onset of disease.Objects being observed during the survival period,141 were AIDS patients (including 57 cases infected via plasmapheresis and 84 cases causes by transfusion) but had not been treated by HAART before and after the onset of disease.All infectors and AIDS patients were under follow-up on the progress of illness or death,respectively.Results By December 31,2010,the cumulative incidence among HIV infections was 88.70％ ( 314/354),with the incidence density as 9.14/100 person-years ( 314/3435.75 )and the median incubation period was 113 months.Of 142 HIV infections in the blood donation group and 212 infections in the blood transfusion group,the incubation periods were 112 months and 115 months,respectively.All of the 141 patients died 34 months after the onset,with the death-strength as 204.70/100 person-years (141/68.88) and the period of survival was 4 months.Among those 57 FCPDs infections,they were all died 24 months after the onset,with the death-strength as 250.66/100 person-years (57/22.74) and the survival was 3 months.The other 84 infections who were blood recipients,all died 34 months after the onset,with the death-strength as 182.05/100 person-years (84/ 46.14) and the survival was 4 months.Conclusion Through this study,we noticed that the natural history of all the AIDS patients was caused by blood transmission.It was important to evaluate the natural history of HIV epidemics among both FCPDs and blood recipients,occurred before and after 1995.

Retrospective cohort study on period of incubation and survival among former commercial plasma donors infected with HIV in Hebei province / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the state of incubation period and survival time of former commercial plasma donors (FCPDs) infected with HIV.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All objects infected with HIV were from Hebei province and found from general investigation for FCPDs in 1995. The infector cohort by 142 cases was used to estimate incubation period. In the infector cohort, the time which infectors entered the cohort was their infection time, which was the middle value of the origin date, which was January 1, 1995. The onset of AIDS was defined as an outcome event. End point of observation was Dec 31, 2010. There were 192 months in all from beginning to end. The AIDS cohort by 57 cases was used to estimate the survival of the patients. In the patient cohort, the time of AIDS onset was defined as the time entering the cohort, and death of AIDS was defined as an outcome event. The cumulative incidence ratio, cumulative mortality, illness intensity and mortality intensity were analyzed through Kaplan-Meier.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During the observation period, 123 cases of 142 infectors developed into AIDS, the cumulative incidence was 86.42% (123/142) and the intensity was 8.53/100 person-years and the median time of incubation period was 112.0 months (95%CI: 108.8 - 115.2). The death dates of 57 patients were from 1 to 24 months after onset. The cumulative mortality was 100%, and the intensity was 250.66/100 person-years and the median survival time was 3.0 months (95%CI: 1.8 - 4.2). It was estimated that the median time was 115.0 months (9.6 years) from infection to death.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The median times of incubation and median survival time were 112.0 and 3.0 months, respectively.</p>

Prostatic middle lobe hyperplasia correlates with bladder outflow obstruction: analysis of 131 cases / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the correlation between the size of prostatic middle lobe hyperplasia and the degree of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This study included 131 BPH patients who presented with dysuria between May 2008 and June 2010. The prostate volume and intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP) were measured by transabdominal ultrasound, Qmax and detrusor pressure at Qmax (P(det@ Qmax)) detected by urodynamic examination, the obstruction degree and detrusor contractility judged using the LinPURR Figure, and the AG value calculated (AG = P(det@ Qmax) -2Qmax). The degrees of BOO were compared between different groups of IPP by variance analysis, and the prostate volume, IPP and AG values underwent Bivariate correlation analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>IPP was highly positively correlated with BOO when it was > 10 mm (r = 0.821, P < 0.01), while PV and BOO had a lower correlation (r = 0.475, P < 0.01). There was also a high positive correlation between IPP and P(det@ Qmax) (r = 0.865, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A close correlation exists between prostatic middle lobe hyperplasia and BOO, and evaluating IPP by ultrasound is a reliable method to determine the degree of BOO.</p>

Correlation between intervertebral disc-endplate degeneration and bony structural parameter in adult degenerative scoliosis and its significance / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To analyze the correlation between intervertebral disc-endplate degeneration and bony construction parameter and to explore its roles in adult degenerative scoliosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The imaging data of 79 patients with adult degenerative scoliosis from March 2005 to March 2010 were retrospectively reviewed as the study group. The imaging data of 41 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were selected as the control group. The vertebral body and intervertebral height in both sides on frontal X-ray, and the facet joint orientation in both sides on CT scan were measured respectively. The average vertebral body height, average intervertebral disc height and average facet orientation were regarded as bony structural parameters. The quantitative grading methods were used in the intervertebral disc and endplate degeneration. The relationship of bony construction parameter and intervertebral disc-endplate degeneration, and the relationship of bony construction parameter and Cobb's angle of scoliosis were analyzed by comparing all bony construction parameters in both groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Analyzed by paired-t test, the intervertebral height, vertebral body height and facet joint orientation between convex and concave sides of the study group were of significant difference (t = 3.411, 2.623 and 2.085, P < 0.05). The intervertebral height between convex and concave sides of the control group were of significant difference (t = 3.276, P < 0.01), while the vertebral body height and the facet joint orientation were of no statistical significance (t = 1.572 and 1.493, P > 0.05). By linear correlation and regression analysis, the asymmetric degree of bony construction parameter showed good correlation with the score of intervertebral disc-endplate degeneration (-1 < r < 1, P < 0.05), which was positively correlated with Cobb's angle of scoliosis (0 < r < 1, P < 0.05). Linear regression existed between asymmetric degree of bony construction parameter and Cobb's angle (F = 427.342, P < 0.01). The regression function was obtained: Cobb's angle = -8.904+8.136 × IAD + 3.274 × VAD-0.713 × FAD (IAD: intervertebral asymmetry degree, VAD: vertebral asymmetry degree, FAD: facet joint asymmetry degree).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The asymmetric change of bony construction exists in adult degenerative scoliosis, which significantly correlated with intervertebral disc-endplate degeneration and Cobb's angle of scoliosis. The asymmetric bony construction parameter probably plays a biomechanical role in the progression of scoliosis, which maybe the reason for the asymmetric degeneration of intervertebral disc-endplate.</p>

Post-stroke speech disorder treated with acupuncture and psychological intervention combined with rehabilitation training: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the clinical efficacy on post-stroke speech disorder treated with acupuncture and psychological intervention combined with rehabilitation training.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The multi-central randomized controlled study was adopted. One hundred and twenty cases of brain stroke were divided into a speech rehabilitation group (control group), a speech rehabilitation plus acupuncture group (observation group 1) and a speech rehabilitation plus acupuncture combined with psychotherapy group (observation group 2), 40 cases in each one. The rehabilitation training was conducted by a professional speech trainer. In acupuncture treatment, speech function area in scalp acupuncture, Jinjin (EX-HN 12) and Yuye (EX-HN 13) in tongue acupuncture and Lianquan (CV 23) were the basic points. The supplementary points were selected according to syndrome differentiation. Bloodletting method was used in combination with acupuncture. Psychotherapy was applied by the physician in psychiatric department of the hospital. The corresponding programs were used in each group. Examination of Aphasia of Chinese of Beijing Hospital was adopted to observe the oral speech expression, listening comprehension and reading and writing ability.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After 21-day treatment, the total effective rate was 92.5% (37/40) in observation group 1, 97.5% (39/40) in observation group 2 and 87.5% (35/40) in control group. The efficacies were similar in comparison among 3 groups. The remarkable effective rate was 15.0% (6/40) in observation group 1, 50.0% (20/40) in observation group 2 and 2.5% (1/40) in control group. The result in observation group 2 was superior to the other two groups (P<0.01, P<0.001). In comparison of the improvements of oral expression, listening comprehension, reading and writing ability, all of the 3 groups had achieved the improvements to different extents after treatment (P<0.01, P<0.001). The results in observation group 2 were better than those in observation group 1 and control group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Acupuncture and psychological intervention combined with rehabilitation training is obviously advantageous in the treatment of post-stroke speech disorder.</p>

Analysis of factors of formation and development about degenerative lumbar scoliosis / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To investigate the correlation between scoliosis angle and the asymmetric index of degenerative lumbar scoliosis, the degree of intervertebral disc degeneration, decreased bone density.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>As a retrospectively study, a total of 96 patients with degenerative lumbar scoliosis were retrospectively enrolled from January 2002 to August 2010 as scoliosis group, meanwhile 96 patients with lumbar spinal stenosis matched in gender, age and body mass index (BMI) were selected as control group. All patients were studied with plain radiographs, MRI and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at presentation. Radiographic measurements include Cobb angle, the height of the convex and concave side of the apical disc and the contiguous disc superiorly and inferiorly, the height of the convex and concave side of the apical and the contiguous vertebral body superiorly and inferiorly in scoliosis group, the height of L(2-3), L(3-4), L(4-5) discs and the height of L(2-4) vertebral body in control group. The average relative signal intensity of lumbar intervertebral disc and cerebrospinal fluid in T2WI sagittal image was measured in apex intervertebral disc and adjacent discs by Adobe Photoshop 6.0 in scoliosis group, which was measured in L(2-3), L(3-4), L(4-5) disc in control group. The bone density of lumbar, femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward's triangle regions were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The intervertebral disc height in convex side was greater than the height in the concave side [(40 ± 7) mm vs. (28 ± 7) mm, P < 0.01], the vertebral body height in convex side was greater than the height in the concave side [(76 ± 12) mm vs. (72 ± 10) mm, P = 0.016] in scoliosis group. There was significant statistically difference in the degenerative degree of intervertebral discs between two groups (P = 0.003). There was significant statistically difference of the average T-value and the rate of osteoporosis between two groups (P < 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the asymmetric disc index, the degenerative degree of intervertebral disc and osteoporosis were the predominant correlative factors, which affected the development of degenerative lumbar scoliosis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Degenerative lumbar scoliosis is always accompanied by the height asymmetry of intervertebral discs and vertebral body from convex and concavity sides. There is positive correlation between the angle of scoliosis and the asymmetric disc index, the degeneration of intervertebral disc, and negative correlation between the angle of scoliosis and the bone density (T-value).</p>

Retrospective cohort study on the rate of mother-to-child transmission among mothers infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 through blood transfusion / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the rate of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) on HIV-1. Methods All local residents from 8 townships in a region were screened for mothers who had a history of only one blood transfusion and 63 were found HIV-1 positive. A further study on these HIV-1 positive mothers and their children was conducted with the emphasis on the date of receiving blood transfusion, date and type of nationality, history regarding breastfeeding and so on. Sera specimens from 84 children born from 63 HIV-1 positive mothers were screened, using ELISA for HIV-1 antibody, and positive specimens were confirmed by Western-blot. Results The rate of MTCT was 32.1% (27/84) for children with all risk factors related to MTCT. Another 36.8% (7/19) were related to factors on intrauterine, intrapartum and breastfeeding, 35.7% (5/14) to intrapartum and breastfeeding factors, 14.3% (2/14) to intrauterine and intrapartum factors, 37.9% (11/29) to breastfeeding factor alone. By group combination analysis, the MTCT rate was 36.9% (24/65) with breastfeeding, 11.8% (2/17) with artificial feeding, and the former was significantly higher than the latter. Conclusion HIV-1 MTCT rate among mothers caused by a single blood transfusion varied with different risk factors. Breastfeeding played an important role in MTCT, appeared in our study.

Investigation on status of HIV-1 infection among blood recipients from 1994 to 1998 in certain areas of China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the infection status of HIV-1 among blood recipients from 1994 to 1998 in certain areas of Hebei province. Methods A general investigation was set up among all the people in 15 townships of certain areas from November 2003 to February 2005. An epidemiological investigation was conducted among people who had received blood from donors, during 1994 and 1998. Blood samples were collected. ELISA was used in preliminary screening and Western-blot (WB) was used among people who showed a positive result in the preliminary screening. Results The infection rate of HIV-1 after blood receipt was 15.54% (92/592) , and the infected persons were all appeared in five medical centers of 6 townships which located at the west part of the area. HIV-1 infection happened over the years, and reaching the zenith in the year 1995. Most of the infected persons were young women. Procreation was the main cause of blood transfusion for women and trauma was for men. Conclusion A typical HIV outbreak happened in certain areas after blood transfusion in Hebei.

Following surveillance on HIV infection after blood transfusion / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study epidemiological features of HIV infection after blood transfusion and the situation of transmission among members of family.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The persons infected with HIV through blood transfusion and their intrafamilial transmission in some city were analyzed and testing methods of ELISA, Western-blot, RT-PCR and subtype analyzing were used. The whole surveillance data came from residents investigation around problem medical centres and HIV monitoring network around Hebei province.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>173 people infected with HIV after blood transfusion in some city, including 89 cases found in hospital and 84 cases in CDC, accounted for 68.7% (173/252) of all of infected persons by blood transfusion in Hebei province. The rate of intrafamilial transmission, spousal transmission and mother-to-child transmission((MTCT) were 32.0% (49/153),17.0% (26/153) and 32.7% (32/98), respectively. Most of persons infected with HIV were youth among who the female were more than the male. Childbearing and women's ailments were the main cause of blood transfusion from 1990 to 1999, and traumatism surgery took second place. Infected persons by HIV blood, whose time to diagnostic were the year from 1999 to 2009, spread over Kangtai hospital and other hospital which accounted for 45.1% (78/173) and 42.2% (73/173), respectively. The genetype of all patients were B' subtype.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The medical centers at the grass-roots level in some city resulted in outbreak of infected persons by HIV blood because of having no screening test antibody of HIV for liid blood donors.</p>